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For other uses, see Chancellor (disambiguation).
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Chancellor or chancellour (archaic) (Latin: cancellarius) is an official title used by most of the people whose civilization has arisen directly or indirectly out of the Roman Empire[citation needed]. At different times and in different countries it has stood for various duties and has been borne by officers of various degrees of dignity. Various governments have a chancellor who serves as some form of junior or senior minister. The original chancellors were the Cancellarii of Roman courts of justice - ushers who sat at the cancelli or lattice work screens of a basilica or law court, which separated the judge and counsel from the audience. A Chancellor\'s office is called a chancellery or chancery.
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The Chancellor of Austria, or Bundeskanzler, is the title for the head of government in Austria. In Austrian politics, the Bundeskanzler position is somewhat equivalent to that of a prime minister.
In Argentina the Foreign Minister is mostly called Canciller (Chancellor) and he works at the Cancillería (chancellery).[1]
The Chancellor of Brazil, or Chanceler, is the country\'s foreign affairs minister, whose office is located inside Itamaraty Palace.
The Chancellor of China was the second highest rank after the Emperor of China.
CIC 482; CCEO 252 - §1. In the eparchial curia a chancellor is to be appointed who is to be a presbyter or deacon and whose principal obligation, unless otherwise established by the particular law, is to see that the acts of the curia are gathered and arranged as well as preserved in the archives of the eparchial curia. §2. If it seems necessary the chancellor can be given an assistant whose title is vice-chancellor. §3. The chancellor as well as the vice-chancellor are by the law itself notaries of the eparchial curia.
The office of the Chancellor is mandatory in all diocessan (eparchial) curia. The primary function of the Chancellor is to keep the curial reccords properly.Beal, New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law, Paulist Press, Mahwah, NJ, 2000, p.635
In Colombia, the Chancellor is the Foreign Affairs Minister.
The office of chancellor (or royal chancellor) seems to have appeared in the 12th century, and until 1660 it was the title of the leader of the state administration (a kind of a "Home Office" but often with foreign political duties). Often he appeared to be the real leader of the government. From 1660–1848, the title continued as "Grand Chancellor" or "President of the Danish Chancellery," and was replaced in 1848 by the title "Minister of Domestic Affairs."
There are two ancient Egyptian titles sometimes translated as chancellor. There is the "royal sealer" (xtmtj-bity or xtmw-bity), a title attested since the First Dynasty (about 3000 BC)Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge 1999, p.131. People holding the post include Imhotep and HemakaMichael Rice, Who\'s Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 2001, p.63.
The other title translated as chancellor is "Keeper of the Royal Seal" (or overseer of the seal or treasurer - imy-r xtmt pBerlin 10035 in U. Luft, Urkunden zur Chronologie der späten 12. Dynastie, Briefe aus Illahun, Wien 2006, 69 ff.pLouvre 3230 B in E. Wente, Letters from Ancient Egypt, Atlanta, 1990, 92). Officials holding the post include Bay or Irsu, KhetyMemoirs, Egypt Exploration Society - 1958, p.7 Meketre Serdab of the Chancellor Meketre, and Nakhti Michael Rice, Who\'s Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 2001.
The first title (royal sealer) announced a certain rank at the royal court, the second (supervisor of the sealed goods, i.e. treasurer) was responsible for the state\'s income. This position appears around 2000 BC.
In Estonia the Chancellor of Justice (Õiguskantsler, Currently Allar Jõks) supervises the legality of actions taken by the government and monitors the implementation of basic civil liberties.
In Finland the Chancellor of Justice (Oikeuskansleri, Justitiekanslern) supervises the legality of actions taken by the government and monitors the implementation of basic civil liberties. In this special function the chancellor also sits in the Finnish Cabinet, the Finnish Council of State.
For centuries, the King of France appointed a chancellor or Chancelier de France, a Great Officer of the Crown, as an office associated with that of keeper of the seals. The chancelier was responsible for some judicial proceedings. During the reigns of Louis XVIII, Charles X and Louis Philippe, the Chancellor of France presided over the Chamber of Peers, the upper house of the royal French parliament.
As in Austria, the Chancellor of Germany or Bundeskanzler (meaning "Federal Chancellor"), is the title for the head of government in Germany. Bundeskanzlerin is the feminine form. In German politics the Bundeskanzler position is somewhat equivalent to that of a prime minister and is elected by the Bundestag, the German Parliament, every four years, but can be replaced at any time by the parliament.
After the unification of Germany, in the year 1871, the Chancellor of the Reich or Reichskanzler (meaning "Imperial Chancellor"), served not only as head of government, but also as presiding officer of the Bundesrat, the upper house of the German imperial parliament. After the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1918, the German chancellor no longer presided over the upper house of parliament, but was head of the republic\'s government.
Adolf Hitler was appointed to the chancellorship in 1933 by President Hindenburg. On March 23 1933, after the Reichstag fire, the parliament passed the Enabling Act, which gave to Hitler legal right to pass legislation without the approval or consent of the parliament: he was made a legal dictator. The office of "Chancellor" was combined with that of the "President" and called the Führer und Reichskanzler (meaning "Leader and Imperial Chancellor") after President Hindenburg\'s death in the year 1934.
Since the defeat of Nazi Germany and the formation of the Federal Republic in 1949, the chancellorship has adhered to its role as dictated by the Basic Law. It differs from the chancellorship of Weimar Germany primarily in that the office is not appointed by the president, but through a majority Bundestag vote.
See Poland below.
The Daijō Daijin or Chancellor of the Realm was the head of the Daijō-kan, or Department of State in Heian Japan and briefly under the Meiji Constitution.
In Peru, the Chancellor is the Foreign Affairs Minister.
For more details on this topic, see kanclerz.
In the Kingdom of Poland from the 14th century, there was a royal chancellor. In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569-1795), the four chancellors were among the ten highest officials of the state. Poland and Lithuania each had a Grand Chancellor and a Deputy Chancellor, each entitled to a senatorial seat, responsible for the affairs of the whole Kingdom, each with his own chancery. See Offices in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
In the Russian Empire, the chancellor was the highest rank of civil service as defined by the Table of Ranks and on the same grade as field marshal and General Admiral. Only the most distinguished government officials were promoted to this grade, such as foreign ministers Alexander Gorchakov and Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin.
The Spanish word “canciller” is the equivalent to the English chancellor. However, in Spain, the term refers to a civil servant responsible for technical issues relating to foreign affairs. Chancellors work in the embassies and consulates of Spain. Other Spanish speaking countries use the term “canciller” to refer to the Foreign Minister.
In Sweden the Chancellor of Justice or Justitiekanslern acts as the Solicitor General for the Swedish Government. The office was introduced by Charles XII of Sweden in 1713. Historically there was also a Lord High Chancellor or Rikskansler as the most senior member of the Privy Council of Sweden. There is in addition to this a University Chancellor or Universitetskansler, who leads the National Agency for Higher Education.
In Switzerland, the Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler, Chancelier fédéral, Cancelliere della Confederazione) is elected by the Swiss parliament. He or she heads the Federal Chancellery, the general staff of the seven-member executive Federal Council, the Swiss government. The Chancellor participates in the meetings of the seven Federal Councilors with a consultative vote and prepares the reports on policy and activities of the council to parliament. The chancellery is responsible for the publication of all federal laws.
In the United Kingdom, a number of cabinet ministers hold offices containing the word chancellor.
In the United States, the only "chancellor" established by the federal government is the Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution, a largely ceremonial office held by the Chief Justice of the United States. As the Smithsonian is a research and museum system, its use of the title is perhaps best thought of as akin to a university\'s chancellor.
Some U.S. states, like Delaware, still maintain a separate Court of Chancery with jurisdiction over equity cases. Judges who sit on those courts are called chancellors.
Among the states that once had the judicial office of chancellor, but have now abolished it, is New York State. In 1789, after George Washington had been elected the first President of the United States, he traveled to the temporary national capital, New York City, to be sworn in to office. By tradition, the presidential oath is administered by the Chief Justice of the United States except in cases of emergency. Of course, at the time Washington took office there was no chief justice or any other federal judges, as there was not yet a president to appoint them. Therefore, the oath of office was administered to Washington by the highest-ranking judge available, Robert Livingston, the chancellor of New York State.
The title of the head of the New York City Department of Education is chancellor.
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